A new report from the World Health Organization (WHO) warns that corporal punishment – the physical disciplining of children – remains common worldwide and causes serious harm to their health, development, and well-being.

The report estimates that 1.2 billion children under 18 experience corporal punishment at home each year. In 58 countries surveyed, 17% of children punished in the past month were subjected to severe forms, such as being hit on the head, face, or ears, or being struck hard and repeatedly.

The rates of corporal punishment vary across countries. Among children aged 2–14, parents and caregivers reported using it on:

30% in Kazakhstan

32% in Ukraine

63% in Serbia

64% in Sierra Leone

77% in Togo

In schools, the practice is equally widespread. Around 70% of children in Africa and Central America experience corporal punishment in school, compared with 25% in the Western Pacific region.

“Scientific evidence is overwhelming – corporal punishment is harmful and offers no benefit to children, parents, or society,” said Etienne Krug, Director of WHO’s Department for Health Determinants, Promotion and Prevention. “It’s time to end this harmful practice so children can thrive at home and in school.”

The WHO report, Corporal punishment of children: the public health impact, highlights that children most at risk include those with disabilities, those with parents who were punished themselves as children, and those whose parents face challenges such as substance abuse or mental health issues. Poverty, racism, and discrimination further increase risks.

Harmful Effects on Children
Corporal punishment not only causes immediate injuries but also disrupts healthy development. Studies show:

Children exposed to corporal punishment are 24% less likely to meet developmental milestones.

It triggers harmful stress responses and even alters brain structure and function.

It raises risks of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and emotional instability, which can persist into adulthood and contribute to substance abuse, violent behavior, or even suicide.

Broader Impact on Society
The effects extend beyond individual children. Those who experience corporal punishment are more likely to become aggressive, perform poorly in school, and, as adults, engage in antisocial or criminal behavior. The practice also perpetuates a culture of violence across generations.

While many countries have banned corporal punishment, WHO stresses that laws alone are not enough. Public awareness and strong support for parents, caregivers, and teachers are needed to promote positive, non-violent discipline.

The report calls for urgent global action to protect children and ensure they grow up in safe, supportive environments free from violence.

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